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One of the arguments often presented by those opposed to Darwin’s theory of evolution is the argument of apparent design in nature. They feel that certain aspects of biologic organisms are so intricate and complex that they could only occur via some process of intelligent design. There are many aspects of this argument that fail to make any sense, but here we are only going to discuss one of them; that objects and systems that we know to be “designed” by men tend to evolve through time, they change in response to environmental pressures, via “mutation” acted on by “natural selection” resulting in continuing improvement in these systems. Basically everything produced by the mind of man from machines, including the famous watch found on the beach, to cultural institutions evolve in a way analogous to the way organisms are known to evolve.
First, let us discuss what the term design might mean. Those invoking intelligent design of biologic organisms seem to be claiming that the “designer” would have a complete or nearly complete understanding of all physical processes and their interactions and then would design organic systems that would make optimal use of all these forces, creating a harmonious whole in which all the individual parts thrive and perfectly fulfill their role in the community of organisms. Of course, the biosphere is a far from optimal system, so if it were “designed”, it is quite clear the designer would be one with extremely limited understanding of all physical processes and their interactions, unable to produce a harmonious whole, or even fully optimal individual organic systems, as all known organic systems contain many non-optimal features that argue against the idea that they were “designed”.
What should we expect of an “intelligent” design? Let us consider a simple example. There is a square hole that needs to be filled. An intelligent designer would know the exact dimensions of the hole and the best materials to fill it to last the longest time. Knowing these things he might design a block to fill the hole seamlessly, cemented in place so strongly it might last forever. Let us suppose the block designer cannot measure the exact dimensions of the hole and does not know the best materials to fill it. He might make something to fill the hole and then through a process of trial and error, he could gradually create something that might eventually do the job. The trial and error process is essentially the same as mutation and natural selection. It is clear that the results of this process won’t look exactly the same as the results for the first design process; the original trials and errors will be evident in the finished product.
I propose that almost all or perhaps all man made objects that we consider “designed” are in fact engineered by some process of trial and error. They are in fact the result of processes of mutation and natural selection. We never have enough information to make perfect designs even of very simple tools or machines. We try something and see if it works, then try something else to see if it works better. Many of the permutations are not based on any guiding principle and those that are based on some guiding principle, usually still don’t get it right because unknown variables or unknown variable interactions that give unpredicted outcomes.
So what would really be the conclusion of some alien intelligent creature if he found a watch on a beach while exploring a future earth where perhaps no other signs of human kind remain? I don’t think it is possible to conclude “intelligent” design for the watch because even assuming the alien understood the purpose of the watch, it would be clear that it was not a optimal machine for this purpose. There would be a variety of aspects of this machine that would show it came about through a process of trial and error, of mutation and natural selection, producing something unique and strange, like the strange and unique things we see in the biosphere produced by the trial and error process of mutation and natural selection, that no good designer would ever put into any system.
What the alien might conclude, rather than “design” is that this object must be an artifact; something that could not be built by purely natural processes like wind and moving water, but being an artifact is not the same thing as being truly designed. A bird’s nest is an artifact, not unlike a clock. Both were constructed by living organisms, responding to their environment and using materials in unique ways via a process of trial and error to create useful objects. The simple fact is that the alien could look at a bird’s nest and at the watch on the beach and not know for sure if there were any real intelligence behind either one of them, as neither one actually demonstrates “intelligent” design.
First, let us discuss what the term design might mean. Those invoking intelligent design of biologic organisms seem to be claiming that the “designer” would have a complete or nearly complete understanding of all physical processes and their interactions and then would design organic systems that would make optimal use of all these forces, creating a harmonious whole in which all the individual parts thrive and perfectly fulfill their role in the community of organisms. Of course, the biosphere is a far from optimal system, so if it were “designed”, it is quite clear the designer would be one with extremely limited understanding of all physical processes and their interactions, unable to produce a harmonious whole, or even fully optimal individual organic systems, as all known organic systems contain many non-optimal features that argue against the idea that they were “designed”.
What should we expect of an “intelligent” design? Let us consider a simple example. There is a square hole that needs to be filled. An intelligent designer would know the exact dimensions of the hole and the best materials to fill it to last the longest time. Knowing these things he might design a block to fill the hole seamlessly, cemented in place so strongly it might last forever. Let us suppose the block designer cannot measure the exact dimensions of the hole and does not know the best materials to fill it. He might make something to fill the hole and then through a process of trial and error, he could gradually create something that might eventually do the job. The trial and error process is essentially the same as mutation and natural selection. It is clear that the results of this process won’t look exactly the same as the results for the first design process; the original trials and errors will be evident in the finished product.
I propose that almost all or perhaps all man made objects that we consider “designed” are in fact engineered by some process of trial and error. They are in fact the result of processes of mutation and natural selection. We never have enough information to make perfect designs even of very simple tools or machines. We try something and see if it works, then try something else to see if it works better. Many of the permutations are not based on any guiding principle and those that are based on some guiding principle, usually still don’t get it right because unknown variables or unknown variable interactions that give unpredicted outcomes.
So what would really be the conclusion of some alien intelligent creature if he found a watch on a beach while exploring a future earth where perhaps no other signs of human kind remain? I don’t think it is possible to conclude “intelligent” design for the watch because even assuming the alien understood the purpose of the watch, it would be clear that it was not a optimal machine for this purpose. There would be a variety of aspects of this machine that would show it came about through a process of trial and error, of mutation and natural selection, producing something unique and strange, like the strange and unique things we see in the biosphere produced by the trial and error process of mutation and natural selection, that no good designer would ever put into any system.
What the alien might conclude, rather than “design” is that this object must be an artifact; something that could not be built by purely natural processes like wind and moving water, but being an artifact is not the same thing as being truly designed. A bird’s nest is an artifact, not unlike a clock. Both were constructed by living organisms, responding to their environment and using materials in unique ways via a process of trial and error to create useful objects. The simple fact is that the alien could look at a bird’s nest and at the watch on the beach and not know for sure if there were any real intelligence behind either one of them, as neither one actually demonstrates “intelligent” design.
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Re: The Evolution of Clocks
Mon, January 19, 2009 - 6:40 AM"The simple fact is that the alien could look at a bird’s nest and at the watch on the beach and not know for sure if there were any real intelligence behind either one of them, as neither one actually demonstrates “intelligent” design."
your entire sililoquy boils down to the above statement, which makes no sense. ID simply means that the artifact could not have been made by random chance forces operating over time. It is a self evident truth. At the beginning you do appear to stumble upon a weakness in pure ID theory, and that is the "imperfectness" of living and manmade things. Biblical Creationism, is based upon Genesis and includes the theology of the fall of man and the subsequent corruption of the entire universe. Perfection would not be expected.
But your comparision of the development and improvement of man-made artifacts with "mutatiion and natural selection" is laughable. There is no "watch maker" in your system, just nature. So we must believe that matter assembled itself all by itself and then mutation and natural selection changed and modified it until the entire biosphere was formed. This is not rational or scientific, it is pure faith in what has never been observed or shown to possible. Being an atheist, I understand that you have no choice but to believe in nonsensical stories such as this. But most people find such stories (in part or whole) incredible, which they should. -
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Re: The Evolution of Clocks
Tue, January 20, 2009 - 8:56 AM>>”ID simply means that the artifact could not have been made by random chance forces operating over time.”<<
The theory of evolution does not claim that bird’s nests or watches are the “result of random chance forces operating over time”, so apparently there is no conflict between “ID” and evolutionary theory. The events that supply variation for natural selection to act on may appear to us “random” but the selection of these variations is hardly random as it is a response to the hard and fast laws of nature. Also, the “random” events are driven by the underlying laws of nature which once again are generally viewed as hard and fast.
“Perfection would not be expected.” …unless your theorized supernatural agent was omnipotent and fully benevolent. I am glad you see this is not the case and align your viewpoint with reality here, though I can’t even imagine a notion sillier than: the actions of men corrupted the “entire universe”. What amazing power you imagine we have.
>>”So we must believe that matter assembled itself all by itself and then mutation and natural selection changed and modified it until the entire biosphere was formed.”<<
Actually you have three choices:
(1) The universe in some form or other has always existed in an ordered form, following some set of perceivable laws. Under the right conditions the laws of nature enable the formation of certain molecules that are able to replicate and reproduce. This reproduction sometimes has flaws so that the replicating forms vary. Some of the variable forms are more suited to certain conditions and are more successful at replicating and thus increase in number. These simple processes lead to a vast array of different forms over billions of years of time.
(2) An unknown, eternal entity of some kind has always existed, possessing consciousness, knowledge and will and for unknown reasons created the material universe with a certain order and set of laws, part of this order and plan was that under the right conditions the laws of nature would enable the formation of certain molecules that are able to replicate and reproduce. This reproduction sometimes has flaws so that the replicating forms vary. Some of the variable forms are more suited to certain conditions and are more successful at replicating and thus increase in number. These simple processes lead to a vast array of different forms over billions of years of time.
(3) An unknown, eternal entity of some kind has always existed, possessing consciousness, knowledge and will and for unknown reasons created the material universe with a certain order and set of laws. The laws this entity created, however, cannot explain a large part of the world we experience, specifically the entire biosphere. Instead periodic interventions or supernatural events are required to alter matter and form the biologic organisms that we see. As a result of these numerous supernatural events, the biosphere has changed though time and now has the form we see.
All of these possibilities can be fit to the known facts. I prefer the first model as the insertion of an unknown, eternal entity seems rather ad hoc and unnecessary. Model 2 is better than Model 3, as Model 3 needlessly adds supernatural events to explain life when any sensible law maker would simply make this part of the natural law to begin with. The necessity for constant intervention to explain the changes over time are of course also inexplicable.
Additionally, the only reason for the ad hoc insertion of an unknown eternal entity is to try to offer an explanation as to how the order we see came about. It fails to do this, as it does not actually answer this question, but merely pushes it back one step---> now it must be asked how did the order, form and plan of the entity came about? Postulating the eternal entity does not answer the question. With or without the entity we must assume that whatever has always existed has some kind of order and form; that this order has always existed or naturally arose within it.
So of the three possible models, the first is clearly superior. However, Dan, you do not appear to even have a possible model, rather you seem to ascribe to a variation of model 3, rooted in antiquity, where our knowledge of the history of the biosphere was non-existent. If you care at all about the truth, I recommend you discard this impossible model and settle on Model 2 or Model 3. Of course, model 1 is better yet, but I feel you need the delusion of an unknown eternal entity watching over you, so I don't expect you to be able to adopt this one. -
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Re: The Evolution of Clocks
Tue, January 20, 2009 - 10:41 AM"The events that supply variation for natural selection to act on may appear to us “random” but the selection of these variations is hardly random as it is a response to the hard and fast laws of nature."
mutations in the germ cells are believed to be random. The hard and fast laws of nature are anti-evolutionary Rene, another fact you are unwilling to face.
“Perfection would not be expected.” …unless your theorized supernatural agent was omnipotent and fully benevolent. I am glad you see this is not the case and align your viewpoint with reality here, though I can’t even imagine a notion sillier than: the actions of men corrupted the “entire universe”. What amazing power you imagine we have."
I do not agree that God is not omnipotent. He would not be God if he were not so the concept is illogical. He is fully loving and fully holy as well. We have the "amazing power" to choose.
"Actually you have three choices:
(1) The universe in some form or other has always existed in an ordered form, following some set of perceivable laws. Under the right conditions the laws of nature enable the formation of certain molecules that are able to replicate and reproduce. This reproduction sometimes has flaws so that the replicating forms vary. Some of the variable forms are more suited to certain conditions and are more successful at replicating and thus increase in number. These simple processes lead to a vast array of different forms over billions of years of time."
Number one is a false choice. We know that the universe had a beginning and therefore has not always existed. This is another belief of yours which is at odds with science and scripture. Furthermore, no evidence exists in nature of molecules spontaneously organising themselves into complex reproducable structures, much less life. This is another belief of yours which does is at odds with reality and scientific research.
"(2) An unknown, eternal entity of some kind has always existed, possessing consciousness, knowledge and will and for unknown reasons created the material universe with a certain order and set of laws, part of this order and plan was that under the right conditions the laws of nature would enable the formation of certain molecules that are able to replicate and reproduce. This reproduction sometimes has flaws so that the replicating forms vary. Some of the variable forms are more suited to certain conditions and are more successful at replicating and thus increase in number. These simple processes lead to a vast array of different forms over billions of years of time."
If this is true, he didn't leave a scrap of evidence of it since no laws allow for the spontaneous organization of living cells or pre cells. It is possible that this "god" directed this to happen supernaturally of course, but if so, he lied to us in his written word, the bible. This senario does not explain the existance of the imperfection you advance, nor evil. It is illogical and unsupported, so should be dismissed.
"(3) An unknown, eternal entity of some kind has always existed, possessing consciousness, knowledge and will and for unknown reasons created the material universe with a certain order and set of laws. The laws this entity created, however, cannot explain a large part of the world we experience, specifically the entire biosphere. Instead periodic interventions or supernatural events are required to alter matter and form the biologic organisms that we see. As a result of these numerous supernatural events, the biosphere has changed though time and now has the form we see."
we know of course that there must be a God. No other explanation makes any sense. Nothing else can adequately explain our existance, the stuff all around us, the physical laws you mention, the immaterial laws of logic, out of body experiences, the supernatural events recorded in scripture, prophecy and a resurrection. This is a given for rational people Rene, sadly, you are not among them. The laws cannot explain: their own existance, the existance of this universe, the origin of living systems, detailed fulfilled prophecy or the resurrection. The laws do not explain the origin of "information", reason tells us that information always proceeds from an intelligent source. The survival of the fitest does not explain the arrival of the fitest. Yes, the biosphere has changed (evolved) over time. I recognize this obvious fact. But that evolution is not upwards, but downwards. The original created kinds were created fully formed and as mature organisms, followed by sin and degradation, isolation and speciation.
"All of these possibilities can be fit to the known facts."
True, but none of them fit all of the facts, as outlined above. and number one, your choice, is by far the most absurd and illogical.
"I prefer the first model as the insertion of an unknown, eternal entity seems rather ad hoc and unnecessary."
An "unknown" entity (ie God) is absolutely necessary and required. You simply are not prepared to accept this. This is not a problem of science or logic, it appears to be an emotional decision actually. You don't like the notion and particularly despise the biblical God. I understand this and respect your right to believe in (or not) whatever you choose. But you will always be irrational for choosing atheism.
"Model 2 is better than Model 3, as Model 3 needlessly adds supernatural events to explain life when any sensible law maker would simply make this part of the natural law to begin with. The necessity for constant intervention to explain the changes over time are of course also inexplicable."
Of course this is flat out arrogance. You have no idea what a "sensible law maker" (God) would find reasonable or sensible. His understanding is infinite, yours pitifully finite. There is little intervention necessary to explain the "changes over time". This variability was placed into the genome to begin with (option 4). None of the early creationists believed that God was constantly meddling with his Creation. Miracles are considered to be rare. The only difference is they do not preclude their possibility, while you must. This makes them open to all possibilities when examining the world around them, not just natural explanations.
"Additionally, the only reason for the ad hoc insertion of an unknown eternal entity is to try to offer an explanation as to how the order we see came about. It fails to do this"
it is not a "filling of a gaps" as you assert. It is simply the forces of reason and logic leading rational man to a logical reasonable conclusion. We are forced to this conclusion, not for lack of evidence, but due to the evidence we have at hand. Our creations screams for a creator Rene, you have turned a deaf ear to what most find patently obvious.
"as it does not actually answer this question, but merely pushes it back one step--->"
this argument of yours holds no water either. It is illogical to ask "who created god" just as it is illogical to ask "to whom is the bachelor married". In your mind, you feel this is some kind of loophole in theistic argumentation. It is not. As I have pointed out to you numerous times before on many different forums, a logical argument for the biblical God is sound and proven. It is unnassailable.
"now it must be asked how did the order, form and plan of the entity came about? Postulating the eternal entity does not answer the question. With or without the entity we must assume that whatever has always existed has some kind of order and form; that this order has always existed or naturally arose within it."
Science confirms the biblical truth that there was a beginning. There is no way to scientifically examine the Creator and no need to. The problem for the atheist is that he/she feels science is the "end all". It is not. There is much of reality which science cannot touch. Even science itself assumes Christiainity as an axiom. If no God exists, then there is no way to know if our discussion is real or imagined.
"However, Dan, you do not appear to even have a possible model, rather you seem to ascribe to a variation of model 3, rooted in antiquity, where our knowledge of the history of the biosphere was non-existent."
of course this statement is loaded with prejudice. Assuming that no God exists and that cultures have evolved from cave dwelling subhumans to civilized intelligent cultures leads you to the conclusion that the bible is false and cannot be trusted!! And you fail to understand that these assumptions are your starting points!
Our knowledge of history of the biosphere would be much better the closer you get to the creation. Adam likely wrote parts of genesis as did others of his close descendants. Moses simply conpiled these records and added his personal experiences. Adam walked with God in the Garden and while he was not an eyewitness of the creation, he had face to face personal knowlege of the Creator.
"If you care at all about the truth, I recommend you discard this impossible model and settle on Model 2 or Model 3. Of course, model 1 is better yet, but I feel you need the delusion of an unknown eternal entity watching over you, so I don't expect you to be able to adopt this one."
I do care about the truth Rene. And that truth leads me to option 4. I have found the bible to be very consistant with reality on many levels. This ancient text is consistant with truths not generally known until centuries later, including the notiion that the universe had a beginning, which overthrew the pagan notion (aristotle) of an eternal universe, the law of biogenesis, later proven by creation scientists Virchow, Paseur (et el), the notion of one blood (disbelieved by Darwin and other evolutionists but confirmed by science in the genome project) and so many others. This ancient book, which you despise, is much smarter than you are Rene. It has withstood the test of time, the confirmation of archeology and the scrutiny of many learned people. I am not highly educated, nor do I claim to be of high intelligence, but when I compare the bible with all other starting points (axioms), my confidence only increases. -
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Re: The Evolution of Clocks
Tue, January 20, 2009 - 3:51 PM>>"This ancient book, which you despise..."<<
I can't imagine why you would think I "despise" this ancient book of myths. There are a lot of good stories, some half-way decent poetry and even some accounts that aid our understanding of ancient history. You seem to take it for far more than it is and I think that is quite unwarranted; that is nothing at all like hate, Dan.
>>"I do care about the truth Rene"<,
I believe you do. This is the only reason I consider any discussion with you worth my time. If you care about the truth and are dedicated to uncovering what it is, I feel certain your view will begin to move toward mine. However, I am not holding my breath waiting for this.
>>"There is no way to scientifically examine the Creator and no need to"<<
Likewise there is no need to examine why what exists has always existed, nor why it exhibits the laws that it does. You keep trying to jump over the fact that your unknown, unknowable, conscious eternal entity provides no more explanation for what exists or why than an eternal material universe. You choose to assign a set of properties the eternal thing that please you, but are entirely unnecessary to explain what is, or why there is something instead of nothing.
>>"The laws cannot explain: their own existance"<<
Likewise God cannot explain its own existence.
>>"reason tells us that information always proceeds from an intelligent source."<<
Everything that exists contains "information". There is no need for a "source" at all. Of course, if "information" did proceed only from an "Intelligent source" source as you say, one would have to assume "God" has no information or contains no information as there could be no source for this information to proceed from. -
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Re: The Evolution of Clocks
Wed, January 21, 2009 - 8:21 AMYour words in previous posts lead me to believe that it is hate Rene. You hate the God of the bible, you hate Christianity so much that you have stated that you would like to move to the UK to escape it etc etc etc.. I think you are in denial on this one.
The likelihood of me moving toward your position(s) is about as likely as abiogenesis. Truth doesn't lead in the direction of irrationalism Rene. Christianity is not irrational, nor is accepting the bible as literal truth. This fact has been acknowledge by a leading former atheist. My hope is that you will move in my direction. I hope this because atheism is an abnormal position to hold. I don't care if you don't fully embrace my YEC position. This isn't the issue. BUT, I do not engage you because of some fantasy notion that this will happen. I engage you and others for the pleasure of debating issues and ideas which are important to me.
"Likewise there is no need to examine why what exists has always existed, nor why it exhibits the laws that it does."
Yes, there is. It is a rational question to ask, unlike your irrational one of "who created God". Scientific laws lead us to the conclusion that there must be a beginning, therefore a God. And modern scientists ask these kinds of questions all the time. An eternal all powerful God explains a lot to my mind and the minds of most people Rene. We understand that stuff just doesn't exist for no reason. Things have a beginning and the law of causality, upon which science itself is based, leads us to a first cause.
You have criticised the Christian notion of a sacrifice because it is not intuitive to the human mind that a person (God) should die for mankinds sin. Yet you reject the notion of a Creator for a Creation which is very intuitive and rational and embraced as self evident by the vast majority of people everywhere for this reason. You are not consistant.
God doesn't need to explain his existance. The first cause of all things is by definition, eternal, unbounded by time as we know it. Matter and Energy is not so, it is bounded by time, by laws and must be explained.
" if "information" did proceed only from an "Intelligent source" source as you say, one would have to assume "God" has no information or contains no information as there could be no source for this information to proceed from. "
this is illogical.
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