INDIA DEFENCE CONSULTANTS



SUBMARINE COMMUNICATIONS --- SCOPE FOR
INDO-US COOPERATION

_www.indiadefence.com/sub-comm.htm_
(www.indiadefence.com/sub-comm.htm)

(".... No wonder the Indian Navy attached high priority
to submarine communications even decades ago and
subsequently anticipated the importance of Very Low
Frequency (VLF) underwater transmissions instantaneously.
As part of an ambitious naval modernisation program,
during the mid-1980s the Indian Navy had constructed a
VLF broadcasting station in Tamil Nadu. Although not
publicly declared, it was reported that the United States, the
undisputed leader of submarine communications actively
collaborated in the project, which was completed in
September 1986. This facility needs to be viewed as an
"initial step" in the quest of development of underwater Very
Low Frequency/Extremely Low Frequency (VLF/ELF) and
laser communications for effective coordination of the
submarines with the Indian NCA.")

_WHAT_ (www.indiadefence.com/sub-comm.htm)






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5. Frequency of ELF Transmissions

Frequency of ELF Transmissions

_hypertextbook.com/facts/200...aWu.shtml_
(hypertextbook.com/facts/200...aWu.shtml)

(".... Our military currently operates an ELF system with
two transmitting antennas, each located in Michigan and
Wisconsin. The ELF antenna in Wisconsin is located in
Chequamegon National Forest and consists of 28 miles
of antenna cable. The ELF antenna in Michigan is located
in Escanaba State Forest and consists of 56 miles of antenna
cable. The antennas are able to generate ELFs as low as
10,000 feed deep below sea level and at an altitude of 80
kilometers. By targeting the supercharged portion of the
ionosphere over the Arctic, scientists are hoping to create
a virtual transmitter in space that would allow the Navy to
communicate with submarines worldwide. Many controversies
have developed over the presence of these huge transmitting
antennas in Michigan and Wisconsin. Many argue that signals
are damaging the ionosphere. In 1984 Wisconsin sued the
Federal government charging that the Navy had covered up
the risks of electromagnetic pollution. Wisconsin had won the
case, but the Pentagon claimed national security considerations
and got the decision thrown out.")


_Frequency of ELF Transmissions_
(hypertextbook.com/facts/200...aWu.shtml)