Rabbinic Letter on Torture
January 27, 2005
Shevat 17, 5765
Dear President Bush and Members of Congress,
On behalf of Rabbis for Human Rights North America, we write out of a deep sense of concern about the erosion of America's longstanding commitment that torture is absolutely reprehensible.
All of us have been shocked by the published pictures of the behavior of some American soldiers at Abu Ghraib. We applaud the fact that this administration is prosecuting some of the worst offenders there as well as several soldiers who were responsible for the deaths of Afghani prisoners under their protection in that other theater of war.
What is most disturbing, though, is that the documents that have been made public as these cases move forward demonstrate that the use of torture has been approved at the highest levels of the Administration, that commanders in the field have permitted much of this behavior, that directives from the Department of Defense appear to advocate the use of torture, and that even today the position of the Administration is that the members of Al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups are not covered by the provisions of the Geneva Convention. Recent reports from the Red Cross and from FBI agents, for example, raise new concerns about American treatment of detainees at Guantanamo.
We are not addressing the technical legal arguments that characterize this discussion. Rather, we want to express our moral concerns about the human situation - concerns that stem from the heart of America's values, the essence of democracy, and the soul of Jewish tradition.
We understand that the most fundamental ethical principle, which results from our belief in God as Creator of the world and Parent of all humanity, is that every human being is seen as reflecting the Image of God. Torture shatters and defiles God's Image. The purpose of torture is to remove a person's pride, humiliate them, or make their lives so painful that they say or do whatever the interrogator wants. Torture 'works' by attempting to deprive a human being of will, spirit, and personal dignity. The humanity of the perpetrators is inevitably compromised by the use of torture.
Jewish tradition calls for humane treatment even of one's adversaries. In the Book of Exodus (23:4), the Bible teaches, "When you encounter an enemy's ox or donkey, you must take it back to him." Here the religious test is, strikingly, not how one would treat a friend, but how one relates to one's enemy.
Classical Rabbinic texts are rigorous in prohibiting acts of humiliation. In Jewish tort law, an additional penalty is assessed against one who has physically injured another person when it is found that the victim also suffered, humiliation (boshet), while being wounded. Even verbal humiliation is said to be the equivalent of shedding blood. We are particularly appalled by the infliction of sexual humiliation on prisoners under United States custody. Jewish tradition upholds a high standard of personal modesty. Indeed the Bible's term for prohibited sexual behavior is to "uncover the nakedness" of another. However, even non-sexual acts that overpower a person and attempt to break their will and diminish their dignity are acts of humiliation that Jewish tradition abhors. It is significant that nowhere in the 3000-year long corpus of Jewish law is there any allowance for acts of physical coercion in interrogations.
Consider the ruling of the Supreme Court of Israel, which outlawed the use of torture in interrogations, despite the fact that terrorist organizations have Israel's annihilation as their expressed goal, carry out attacks that murder scores of men, women, and children, and do not distinguish between civilian and military targets. Despite this constant reality of cruelty and merciless savagery, the Supreme Court of Israel found no reason why tactics other than face-to-face interrogation should be allowed against any prisoner. After the fact, if/when an interrogator is charged with a violation, he is permitted to raise a defense of necessity - i.e., his actions were necessary to prevent an imminent attack endangering human life; but no permission is given before the fact, even in a country facing life-threatening terror.
At the conclusion of their decision, the Israeli jurists acknowledge that forswearing inhumane means such as torture, even for honorable ends,
"…is the destiny of democracy, as not all means are acceptable to it, and not all practices employed by its enemies are open before it. Although a democracy must fight with one hand tied behind its back, it nonetheless has the upper hand. Preserving the rule of law and recognition of an individual's liberty constitutes an important component in its understanding of security. At the end of the day, they strengthen its spirit and its strength and allow it to overcome its difficulties."
We therefore plead, first of all, that the United States of America and all members of this Administration adopt a policy which states in unequivocal terms that the use of any tactics of physical abuse, the deprivation of food, water, sleep, disorientation, or purposive humiliation of a prisoner is prohibited. This must be a basic understanding for the treatment of any captive, whether or not he or she originates from a country or belongs to a group that is a signatory to the Geneva conventions.
Secondly, we note that in the trial of Specialist Charles A. Graner, Jr., his defense lawyers have argued that he was simply following the lessons he had learned in civilian life as a prison guard. It is shocking to think that the prelude to Abu Ghraib may have been the treatment of our people in our own prisons. The demonstration of the administration's commitment to human dignity must begin at home, to insure that the same principles of human dignity we are urging the administration to adopt regarding foreign captives be equally applied to American prison inmates. Otherwise, we become what we claim to abhor.
As Jewish leaders representing all the movements of our Jewish community, in consonance with world consensus and with the teachings of Jewish tradition in every age, we call for complete repudiation and prohibition of torture for any purpose, in any instance. Furthermore we call for full investigation of all allegations of torture committed in settings under United States control and for proper legal sanctions to be applied against individuals who are found to have committed acts of torture.
We call on you as leaders of our country to ensure that the United States ban the use of torture in any and every setting under United States jurisdiction.
We look forward to hearing your views on this question and hope that you will provide much needed moral leadership for our nation.
With blessings of Shalom,
Rabbi Gerry Serotta
Chair
Rabbi Brian Walt
Executive Director
Rabbi Ellen Lippmann, N.Y.
Rabbi Simkha Weintraub N.Y
Rabbi Alana Suskin, Washington D.C.
Rabbi Edward Feld, MA
Rabbi Roberto Graetz, CA
Rabbi Joyce Galaski, CA
Rabbi Mordechai Liebling, PA
Rabbi Arthur Waskow, PA
There are actually 780 signatures on this letter. And a link to take action! www.stoptorture.rhr-na.org/
January 27, 2005
Shevat 17, 5765
Dear President Bush and Members of Congress,
On behalf of Rabbis for Human Rights North America, we write out of a deep sense of concern about the erosion of America's longstanding commitment that torture is absolutely reprehensible.
All of us have been shocked by the published pictures of the behavior of some American soldiers at Abu Ghraib. We applaud the fact that this administration is prosecuting some of the worst offenders there as well as several soldiers who were responsible for the deaths of Afghani prisoners under their protection in that other theater of war.
What is most disturbing, though, is that the documents that have been made public as these cases move forward demonstrate that the use of torture has been approved at the highest levels of the Administration, that commanders in the field have permitted much of this behavior, that directives from the Department of Defense appear to advocate the use of torture, and that even today the position of the Administration is that the members of Al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups are not covered by the provisions of the Geneva Convention. Recent reports from the Red Cross and from FBI agents, for example, raise new concerns about American treatment of detainees at Guantanamo.
We are not addressing the technical legal arguments that characterize this discussion. Rather, we want to express our moral concerns about the human situation - concerns that stem from the heart of America's values, the essence of democracy, and the soul of Jewish tradition.
We understand that the most fundamental ethical principle, which results from our belief in God as Creator of the world and Parent of all humanity, is that every human being is seen as reflecting the Image of God. Torture shatters and defiles God's Image. The purpose of torture is to remove a person's pride, humiliate them, or make their lives so painful that they say or do whatever the interrogator wants. Torture 'works' by attempting to deprive a human being of will, spirit, and personal dignity. The humanity of the perpetrators is inevitably compromised by the use of torture.
Jewish tradition calls for humane treatment even of one's adversaries. In the Book of Exodus (23:4), the Bible teaches, "When you encounter an enemy's ox or donkey, you must take it back to him." Here the religious test is, strikingly, not how one would treat a friend, but how one relates to one's enemy.
Classical Rabbinic texts are rigorous in prohibiting acts of humiliation. In Jewish tort law, an additional penalty is assessed against one who has physically injured another person when it is found that the victim also suffered, humiliation (boshet), while being wounded. Even verbal humiliation is said to be the equivalent of shedding blood. We are particularly appalled by the infliction of sexual humiliation on prisoners under United States custody. Jewish tradition upholds a high standard of personal modesty. Indeed the Bible's term for prohibited sexual behavior is to "uncover the nakedness" of another. However, even non-sexual acts that overpower a person and attempt to break their will and diminish their dignity are acts of humiliation that Jewish tradition abhors. It is significant that nowhere in the 3000-year long corpus of Jewish law is there any allowance for acts of physical coercion in interrogations.
Consider the ruling of the Supreme Court of Israel, which outlawed the use of torture in interrogations, despite the fact that terrorist organizations have Israel's annihilation as their expressed goal, carry out attacks that murder scores of men, women, and children, and do not distinguish between civilian and military targets. Despite this constant reality of cruelty and merciless savagery, the Supreme Court of Israel found no reason why tactics other than face-to-face interrogation should be allowed against any prisoner. After the fact, if/when an interrogator is charged with a violation, he is permitted to raise a defense of necessity - i.e., his actions were necessary to prevent an imminent attack endangering human life; but no permission is given before the fact, even in a country facing life-threatening terror.
At the conclusion of their decision, the Israeli jurists acknowledge that forswearing inhumane means such as torture, even for honorable ends,
"…is the destiny of democracy, as not all means are acceptable to it, and not all practices employed by its enemies are open before it. Although a democracy must fight with one hand tied behind its back, it nonetheless has the upper hand. Preserving the rule of law and recognition of an individual's liberty constitutes an important component in its understanding of security. At the end of the day, they strengthen its spirit and its strength and allow it to overcome its difficulties."
We therefore plead, first of all, that the United States of America and all members of this Administration adopt a policy which states in unequivocal terms that the use of any tactics of physical abuse, the deprivation of food, water, sleep, disorientation, or purposive humiliation of a prisoner is prohibited. This must be a basic understanding for the treatment of any captive, whether or not he or she originates from a country or belongs to a group that is a signatory to the Geneva conventions.
Secondly, we note that in the trial of Specialist Charles A. Graner, Jr., his defense lawyers have argued that he was simply following the lessons he had learned in civilian life as a prison guard. It is shocking to think that the prelude to Abu Ghraib may have been the treatment of our people in our own prisons. The demonstration of the administration's commitment to human dignity must begin at home, to insure that the same principles of human dignity we are urging the administration to adopt regarding foreign captives be equally applied to American prison inmates. Otherwise, we become what we claim to abhor.
As Jewish leaders representing all the movements of our Jewish community, in consonance with world consensus and with the teachings of Jewish tradition in every age, we call for complete repudiation and prohibition of torture for any purpose, in any instance. Furthermore we call for full investigation of all allegations of torture committed in settings under United States control and for proper legal sanctions to be applied against individuals who are found to have committed acts of torture.
We call on you as leaders of our country to ensure that the United States ban the use of torture in any and every setting under United States jurisdiction.
We look forward to hearing your views on this question and hope that you will provide much needed moral leadership for our nation.
With blessings of Shalom,
Rabbi Gerry Serotta
Chair
Rabbi Brian Walt
Executive Director
Rabbi Ellen Lippmann, N.Y.
Rabbi Simkha Weintraub N.Y
Rabbi Alana Suskin, Washington D.C.
Rabbi Edward Feld, MA
Rabbi Roberto Graetz, CA
Rabbi Joyce Galaski, CA
Rabbi Mordechai Liebling, PA
Rabbi Arthur Waskow, PA
There are actually 780 signatures on this letter. And a link to take action! www.stoptorture.rhr-na.org/
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